Malaysian malaise

The International Herald Tribune


Philip Bowring: Malaysian malaise
International Herald Tribune
THURSDAY, APRIL 13, 2006

HONG KONG The Asian headlines have been about the political turmoil
in Thailand. But perhaps at least as important and disquieting for
Southeast Asia has been the fine print of the news from Malaysia.

A flow of small news items cumulatively casts doubt on Prime Minister
Abdullah Badawi's ability to advance ethnic harmony, a competitive
economy and a modern, inclusivist Islam.

In Thailand, an articulate urban minority took to the streets to
remove an authoritarian populist, Thaksin Shinawatra. But in Malaysia
the non- Malay minority has no such remedy to address majority-backed
institutional authoritarianism based on race and religion.

At the end of March, Abdullah unveiled the Ninth Malaysia Plan 2006-
2010, a document supposed to spur Malaysia toward its goal of
becoming a developed nation by 2020.

While it contains some laudable policies focused on education and
reducing regional income imbalances, its central message was "no
change" in the system of racial preferences in favor of the Malay
majority.

This is to be maintained not just for another five years, but for 15.
It was not explained how the Malays can expect to be regarded as
developed by 2020 when the majority ethnic group is still exempt from
the rules of equality and open competition.

What began in 1970 as a necessary attempt to raise the economic and
social conditions of Malays has become a system that enriches the
Malay elite, centred on UMNO, the ruling party, at the expense of the
rest and institutionalizes crony capitalism.

Former Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamad has for some time been
forthright in deploring the Malays' alleged failure to seize the
opportunities that the system of racial preferences has offered. He
recently noted that "the Malay community contributed the least" to
the nation's development, which had been "built on the hard work of
the other races."

While Abdullah himself in the past has urged Malays to escape from
dependence on racial preferences, his policies have failed to reflect
such sentiments.

While officially committed to the creation of a multi-ethnic "bangsa
Malaysia" (Malaysian nation), the government remains wedded to racial
obsessions. "Each of us is a Malay, Chinese, Indian or other race
first,"

Culture Minister Rais Yatim recently declared.

No wonder then that according to a recent survey by the Merdeka
Center for Opinion Research, racial antagonisms have been on the
rise. No less than 50 percent of those surveyed "do not trust other
races." Issues such as religion are obviously part of the divide, but
official preference policies are part of it too. Most Chinese and
Indians believe the Malays to be "lazy" while the Malays view the
Chinese as "greedy" and Indians as "untrustworthy."

The civil service has always been a Malay stronghold, but is now so
identified with this group that last year the Chinese, who are 30
percent of the population, constituted just 1.6 percent of applicants
for governments posts.

Things are going from bad to worse. The police, backed by the prime
minister, ordered all female officers, including non-Muslims, to wear
the tudong (head scarf) while on parade. It was claimed that there
was a need for uniformity, as though the scarf was a part of the
police uniform rather than a religious symbol.

The confusion of religion and civil society is worrying for many
Malays, as well as all non-Malays.

Abdullah in principle stands for what he has termed "Islam hadhari" -
the adaptation of Islam according to modern conditions, following
principles rather than formulistic rituals, and tolerance of
differing interpretations.

However, religious authorities, often with state backing, tend to see
themselves as both as guardians of religious orthodoxy and of Malay
identity.

In the process they seek to deprive Malays of the right to think for
themselves - including which, if any, religion to follow. That is not
an attitude likely to make Malaysia an advanced country or raise
Malays to the level of social and economic development of the non-
Malays.

This drift toward religious intolerance puts official Malaysia at
odds not only with its non-Malay population and many Malays, but with
its neighbors.

The difference with Thailand and Singapore is obvious enough. More
striking, however, is the difference with 80-percent-Muslim
Indonesia, where secularism is fiercely defended, individual freedoms
are better protected and widely differing interpretations of Islam
flourish.

With its wealth of resources and the attractions of its
infrastructure and labor force for foreign investors Malaysia should
continue to succeed.

But if its other great asset, its multi- ethnic society, is to
flourish in a highly competitive, highly secular East Asia, the
religious obscurantism and racial privileges will have to go.