By David Gosset
The Quattrocento refers to the 15th century Italian Renaissance;
ershi yi shiji - 21st century in Mandarin - can be used as a
reference to the current Chinese renaissance and the way it is
changing our world.
Arguably the most significant process of our time, China's
renaissance is composed of three interrelated elements: economic
reemergence, socio-political transformation and intellectual
reinterpretation of the Chinese tradition.
After last month's 17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist
Party, and before the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the 2010 Shanghai
World Expo, not one single day goes by without news, debates and
comments on China; confronting such a profusion, one risks taking
short-term variations or trivial fluctuations for long-term
tendencies and losing any sense of pattern.
One question can help us focus on what really matters: Are Westerners
ready to adjust to the effects of the Chinese renaissance? In other
words, is the West prepared for a century with Chinese
characteristics, is it ready for the ershi yi shiji?
Understanding the China factor
Fourteen years after the collapse of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911),
the writer Lu Xun was asking in his essays: "When are we going to
stop bringing new bricks to the Great Wall?" A defensive construction
built and consolidated through the centuries to protect the empire
from the invasions of the nomads, the Great Wall could also be seen
as the symbol of an immured Chinese mind. In 1949, China fully
recovered its sovereignty; in 1978, Beijing adopted the opening-up
policy - today, the Great Wall is a tourist attraction.
In a process of unprecedented magnitude, one-fifth of mankind,
different from the mainstream (the West), is entering the world
stage. While Western scientific and economic modernity will continue
to have influence on China - Beijing's overall strategic goal is
modernization - the Chinese world will have considerable quantitative
and qualitative impact on the global village.
Americanization was a distinctive feature of the 20th century; the
21st-century global citizen's identity will have Chinese
characteristics. The West, on the rise since the 15th century and
which, through its American version, still dominates world affairs,
will have difficulty conceiving and accepting that it will not
anymore unilaterally dictate the global agenda; that it will have to
adjust.
To look at China without passion requires constant intellectual
vigilance. One has to avoid the idealizations of the Sinophile or the
demonizations of the Sinophobe.
True, the People's Republic of China is a developing country that is,
as such, facing considerable challenges. If one focuses exclusively
on what has yet to be done to catch up with the developed world or on
the various visible signs of Westernization within China, the idea of
serious Chinese influence on the global village can appear illusory.
However, if one considers the scope of post-imperial China's
metamorphosis (the collapse of the Roman Empire in the 5th century
was followed by at least 300 years of disorder in western Europe),
the speed of its transformation since 1978, while keeping in mind the
Chinese empire's past cultural, economic and political centrality in
Asia, the question of the Sinicization of the world makes sense.
The presupposition of the "China threat" leitmotiv is precisely
China's capacity to influence on a massive scale our world system,
but it also assumes that this impact will be negative. Between two
extremes, "China fever" and "China threat", the analyst should stay
rationally within the limits of what can be called the "China
factor": China's opening-up means, to a certain extent, Sinicization
of the world, a process that has to be integrated and explained and
not adored or condemned a priori.
Modernization does not mean cultural alienation
But how could the global citizen be in any way Sinicized if
tomorrow's China is radically Westernized?
Looking at the young people in Dalian, Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen or
Chongqing, it seems that Westernization is China's future. It gives
Chinese students "face" to speak some English - more "face" if it is
American English. On campus they practice sports popular in the west,
and after graduation they would opt preferably for a career in a
joint venture where the corporate culture is supposed to be Western -
and the pay higher!
But it is necessary to put these trends into historical perspective.
In China, snapshots can be misleading. One has to integrate different
"clocks" and be attentive, behind shorter developments or even
ephemeral fashions, to very slow movements, what Fernand Braudel
called the longue durée.
Past interactions between China and what was foreign to it show the
unique resilience of Chinese civilization. It has the ability to
change without losing itself; it could even be defined by this
singular capacity of renewal.
The Yuan Dynasty (1277-1367) and the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) were
established respectively by Mongols and Manchus. However, the only
way for the "barbarians" - non-Han - to rule the empire was to adopt
elements of the Chinese tradition. Immutable China is a myth - the
long history of China is a succession of clearly distinct periods -
but absolute discontinuity from one time to another is also a narrative.
Buddhism and Christianity have also been testing Chinese
civilization's capacity to absorb exogenous elements. Entering under
the Han Dynasty (Eastern Han, AD 25-220), Buddhism penetrated deeply
into the Chinese world under the Tang Dynasty (618-907); but this
penetration has seen the transformation of original Buddhism to fit
Chinese philosophical and linguistic context.
In the age of European expansion, Christian missionaries spared no
effort to convert Chinese people. The Jesuits' approach initiated by
Matteo Ricci (1552-1610) was to engage as much as possible with
China's elites; no one has ever understood the Chinese world better
than the Sinologists of the Company of Jesus, but genuine European
intellectual excellence failed to change radically the Chinese mind.
How can one seriously believe that current superficial material
Westernization in China - related to food or clothes, the
introduction of managerial skills, the instrumental use of English,
etc - is going to affect essentially Chinese culture?
China's technical and economic modernization does not mean cultural
alienation. China is once again translating into its own context
foreign practices and theories. Democratization might be unavoidable
for the Chinese world - in fact, the process has already begun - but
it will be a democratization with high Chinese characteristics, a
very fortunate process indeed. One should remember the words of
Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859) in Democracy in America: "I am well
aware of the influence which the nature of a country and its
political precedents exercise upon a constitution; and I should
regard it as a great misfortune for mankind if liberty were to exist
all over the world under the same forms."
Some external forms of the translation process can be a surprising
accumulation of heterogeneous pieces. Look at a Sichuan-cuisine
restaurant with Rococo furniture or at a Shanghai middle-class home
where reproductions of European impressionists co-exist on the same
wall with Chinese calligraphy. The sociologist observing China's
megasociety can interpret these unusual combinations as parts of a
gigantic assimilation. One can also enjoy completed translations
where the "original" fits perfectly into the evolving Chinese
context; it is often the case in architecture, in urbanism or in design.
The resilience of Chinese culture cannot be separated from China's
demographic vitality; they reinforce each other in what constitutes a
virtuous circle. The very fact that China is the most populous
country in the world is highly significant.
In the global community, fundamentally optimistic and life-oriented
China will interact with various Western forms of nihilism; the
culture of life and happiness will quietly prevail.
China and globalization
China absorbs, translates and regenerates itself vigorously. In 2005,
Chinese people from Singapore to Beijing celebrated the 600th
anniversary of the navigator Zheng He's (1371-1433) first voyage.
These celebrations of the Ming Dynasty explorer, Asia's Christopher
Columbus, were also indicative of China's current mindset: Chinese
people can also be extrovert and do not intend to witness passively,
beyond the Great Wall, the reconfiguration of the world.
Forty one years after the beginning of the Cultural Revolution
nightmare, 29 years after Deng Xiaoping's decision to reform and to
open the People's Republic, Chinese people are embarking on their
"age of discovery".
In 2004, Parisians looked at a red Eiffel Tower in honor of Chinese
President Hu Jintao's visit, which coincided with the "Year of China
in France". The event "China in London 2006" was the largest
celebration of Chinese culture ever seen in the British capital. In
2007, Russia welcomed its "Year of China". French journalist Erik
Izraelewicz wrote a book whose title is When China Changes the World
(Quand la Chine change le monde, 2005). China is succeeding in having
non-Chinese framing the debate in a way that is advantageous to it.
Already 30 million non-Chinese are learning Mandarin. Beijing has
opened Confucius Institutes (following the example of the Alliance
Francaise, Goethe Institute or British Council) both to teach Chinese
and to explain Chinese culture throughout the world. Chinese is
already the second language on the Internet, with more than 100
million Chinese netizens. The Office of Chinese Language Council
International (OCLCI) estimates that by 2010 100 million foreigners
will learn Mandarin. In the science-fiction series Firefly, the
characters use English and Chinese.
The Chinese central government also took the initiative to bring
traditional Chinese medicine to the world. The first center will be
in Bonn, Germany, and it will be followed by many more in Europe.
A global audience greets Chinese artists. Movie director Zhang Yimou
(but also Taiwan's Lee Ang or Hong Kong's Wong Kar Wai ), composer
Tan Dun, cellist Yoyo Ma, creator Cai Guoqiang and Nobel Prize winner
Gao Xingjian are internationally acclaimed for their talent and
creativity. Gong Li, Zhang Ziyi and Maggie Cheung have penetrated
European or American imagination. Chinese design is enriching
fashion. The idea behind Shanghai Tang, founded by Hong Kong
businessman David Tang Wing-Cheung, is to "create the first global
Chinese lifestyle brand by revitalizing Chinese designs". Many more
will follow.
Chinese brands such as Lenovo, TCL, Haier, Huawei and ZTE are largely
recognized worldwide. In the 2004-05 academic year, China sent more
than 115,000 students abroad (62,000 to the United States). The World
Tourism Organization predicts that by 2020, 100 million Chinese
tourists will travel the world: the global tourism industry will have
to adapt to Chinese characteristics.
China's direct investment overseas is rising rapidly. By the end of
2006, China made $75 billion direct investment in more than 160
countries. The 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics and the 2010 Shanghai
World Expo will reinforce this momentum. Almost exactly 100 years
after of the end of the Qing Dynasty (1911), China will be once again
at the center of Asia, and in a position to challenge US unilateral
domination over a world system in search of equilibrium.
The Chinese world is not only made up of the 22 provinces, five
autonomous regions, four municipalities, two special administrative
regions (Hong Kong and Macau) of the People's Republic of China,
Taiwan and the highly Sinicized Singapore, but also includes in its
largest extension a Chinese diaspora active worldwide.
This diaspora - estimated at 50 million people - is not just about
Chinese restaurants (although food and cooking are key elements of
culture) or Chinatowns (perfect examples of Chinese cultural
resilience far away from the Yellow River or the Yangtze); the notion
of Chinese diaspora indicates that China is not only a political
entity related to a territory but, above all, a cultural expression
already having global reach. Those who know Mandarin and, more
importantly, written Chinese, those who can play by the codes of the
Chinese culture, have, in fact, access to a network whose main hubs
are in the Mainland and at its periphery but which is certainly not
limited by traditional borders. The "sinosphere" is not only a
transnational domain ideally structured to benefit from "a flat
world" but also an accelerator of globalization.
Co-architect of the 21st-century new world order? For the West,
adjustment to China's renaissance requires modesty and intellectual
curiosity. Are Westerners ready to learn from the Chinese
civilization as Chinese people are ready to learn from the West? This
is the precondition of a genuinely cooperative relationship.
Seriously engaging China is to accept the very possibility of
Sinicization.
The West, in a position of scientific and economic superiority since
the industrial revolution, is used to treating China as a product of
orientalism. For the majority of Westerners, China is either a museum
- hence the surprise of many foreigners in China: "I was expecting
something else!" - or a classroom: one has to lecture Chinese people
on more advanced standards. The West has to reflect on these
prejudices and to look at China as a living matrix of a civilization
that is already reshaping our time.
If China proves to be an integrating factor in a world plagued by
morally unacceptable, exclusive globalization, if China proves to be
a laboratory where cultures can cross-fertilize in a world threatened
by tensions between civilizations, one should rejoice to find a co-
architect of the 21st-century new world order and to live at the very
beginning of the ershi yi shiji.
David Gosset is director of the Academia Sinica Europaea, China
Europe International Business School, Shanghai, and founder of the
Euro-China Forum.
(Copyright 2007 David Gosset.)
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