Old world order: We need a modern way to recreate religion's respect for the earth
Karen Armstrong
Saturday September 10, 2005, The Guardian
In the eighth century BCE, the Chinese became concerned about a disturbing change in their environment. Hitherto the Yellow River valley had teemed with wildlife: elephants, lions, tigers, rhinoceroses, monkeys and all kinds of game had inhabited the woods and swamps. After a hunting expedition, the king and his nobles consumed hecatombs of beasts in huge, drunken banquets. But now they discovered that aggressive deforestation had destroyed the natural habitat of these animals, and that their hunters returned almost empty handed.
The Chinese had assumed that their resources were inexhaustible, so they had plundered the countryside and slaughtered its animals with no care for the morrow. Now they realised that this brutal insouciance could not continue. Aristocrats were forced to curtail their hunting, which had been their chief pleasure - almost their raison d'être - and an extensive ritual reform regulated every detail of their behaviour. Gradually this religious discipline transformed their mentality, so that a spirit of moderation and self-control replaced the former wasteful excess. Even warfare became a courtly game in which it was considered bad taste to kill too many of the enemy.
It did not last, alas. In the fourth century BCE, the Chinese had an industrial revolution, and restraint went out of the window. With greedy abandon, princes cut down forests, mined mountains, drained swamps, and their savage internecine wars reduced the great plain to a desolate wilderness. But religious reformers, such as Confucius and Lao Tzu, called upon their rulers to conform to the basic laws of existence, to the way (dao) things ought to be.
The Chinese knew enough about human selfishness to realise that external directives alone would not save their society; there had to be a fundamental change of heart. We are facing a similar dilemma today. As we gaze aghast at the devastation that Hurricane Katrina has wreaked upon the southern United States, some have asked whether this catastrophe was intensified by global warming. Whatever the answer, the question betrays a deep and widespread anxiety. Environmental catastrophe has replaced the apocalypse predicted by the prophets of the past and many now watch for signs of approaching cataclysm as nervously as our forebears looked for portents of the end of days.
In recent years, there has been a growing awareness of the damage we are inflicting upon the planet, at both the public and private levels. Recycling, for example, which 10 years ago was regarded as an expensive, eccentric pursuit, is now commonly enforced by most local authorities. But there seems little point in punctiliously recycling our wine bottles and waste paper, while as a society and as individuals we continue to burn fossil fuels with impunity. And if the United States, the principal polluter, refuses to control its emissions, anything anyone else does is doomed to failure.
Many people prefer to deny that there is a problem because the implications are too alarming; it is easier to concentrate on "clean and green" concerns that do not challenge our way of life. But would we seriously be prepared to give up our cars and aeroplane travel? If the danger became more acute, would governments have to impose a ban on activities and appliances that we now take for granted? And how would this cohere with democracy and our much vaunted freedom?
In order to prevent further damage to their environment, the Chinese were for centuries prepared to give up their favourite pursuits and submit to constraints that most of us would find intolerable. We too may have to make sacrifices and this would require some kind of spiritual reformation. By this I do not mean that everybody should join a church or submit to an orthodox doctrinal position - quite the contrary. But it may become necessary to create within ourselves a readiness to subordinate our personal comfort, convenience and prosperity to the common good - an attitude that is at odds with much of the current ethos.
In the ancient world, religion helped people to develop a holistic vision. There was no ontological gulf between heaven and earth. Gods, humans, animals, plants and other natural phenomena all participated in the same divine life; all were subject to an overarching order that kept everything in being and shared the same predicament. Even the gods had to obey this order and work with humans to preserve the cosmic energies, which were not inexhaustible and, if not replenished, could easily lapse into primal chaos. Humans offered sacrifices to recycle the energies that these deities expended in maintaining the order of the universe.
This preoccupation was central to the religious practices of most ancient societies, perhaps because people were more directly exposed to the unpredictable power of nature and knew how easily it could wreck the precarious artefacts of human culture. In our technologically cocooned existence, it takes a mammoth catastrophe such as Hurricane Katrina to shock us into an appreciation of our civilisation's fragility.
It is neither possible nor desirable to recover the old holistic world-view in its entirety, but we could try to cultivate its underlying attitudes. First would be the awareness that everyone, without exception, was in the same boat: to destroy or maim the part endangered the whole. Second, there were no fantasies of omniscience or omnipotence: everyone was equally vulnerable. Third was the sense that everyone was responsible for the cosmos, and had to do his or her bit. Fourth, the natural world was not simply a resource but was revered as sacred. Finally, there was the conviction that human behaviour could affect the environment for good or ill, and that a society that did not respect the natural rhythms of the cosmos could not survive.
This insight was not abandoned but redefined in the later, more ethically based traditions. Jains cultivated an attitude of friendship towards all beings and took care not to trample on the tiniest insect; Buddhists were exhorted to extend their love and benevolence to every single creature on the face of the earth; and the Chinese continued to urge people to conform to the way. The first chapter of Genesis may have commanded humans to "subdue" the earth, but it also insisted that every single one of God's creations was valuable and blessed.
The ubiquity and persistence of this attitude of committed concern for the well-being of the earth suggests that it once came naturally to humanity. It used to be essential to the way we related to the world but it has clearly become problematic in the technologically driven economy of modernity. It is no use hoping for the best or waiting until "they" have discovered a cleaner form of energy. In the ancient world, assiduous religious ritual and ethical practice helped people to cultivate their respect for the holiness of the earth. If we want to save our planet, we must find a modern way to do the same.
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